Tuesday, January 20, 2015

Sociology of Men, Women, & Children Test 2

Sociology of Men, Women, & Children 
Test 2
Use these terms to help you study.

  • How do sexual attitudes and behaviors vary across different age groups and around the globe?
    • Sexual practices can differ greatly among groups. Many societies around the world have different attitudes about premarital sex, the age of sexual consent, homosexuality, masturbation, and other sexual behaviors that are not consistent with Norms regarding gender and sexuality vary across cultures.
  • Define Sexual double standard?
    • different provisions for one group of people than for another, especially an unwritten code of sexual behavior permitting.
  • Karin A. Martin's research question?
    • What is the relationship between sexuality and gender, between the control of sexual practices and the control of gender arrangements.
    • Martin, Karin A. 1993. “Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950”. Gender & Society, Vol. 7, No. 2.
  • Karin A. Martin's research main findings?
    • Sexuality and Gender are controlled together.
    • Martin, Karin A. 1993. “Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950”. Gender & Society, Vol. 7, No. 2.
  • Marx Ferree and Hall's research method?
    • Explored assumptions about gender and race in intro to sociology books. Looked at 3 levels of visual portrayal.
    • Marx Ferree, Myra and Elaine J. Hall. 1990. “Visual Images of American Society: Gender and Race in Introductory Sociology Textbooks”. Gender & Society, Vol. 4, No. 4.
  • How does the rate of substance abuse, sexual assault, homelessness, academic problems and risk-taking behavior among lesbian and gay adolescents differ from their heterosexual counterparts?
    • The Suicide Prevention Resource Center synthesized these studies and estimated that between 30 and 40% of LGBT youth, depending on age and sex groups, have attempted suicide. A U.S. government study, titled Report of the Secretary's Task Force on Youth Suicide, published in 1989, found that LGBT youth are four times more likely to attempt suicide than other young people. "More than 34,000 people die by suicide each year," making it "the third leading cause of death among 15 to 24 year olds with lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth attempting suicide up to four times more than their heterosexual peers."
  • What were the central aspects of women's struggles during the second wave of feminism?
    • The second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the women's liberation
  • Define Sexual liberation?
    • The sexual revolution was a social movement that challenged traditional codes of behavior related to sexuality and interpersonal relationships throughout the Western world from the 1960s to the 1980s.
  • Define Sex tourism?
    • the organization of vacations with the purpose of taking advantage of the lack of restrictions imposed on prostitution and other sexual activities by some foreign countries.

Tuesday, October 14, 2014

Variety!

More study guides and help coming soon!
STAY TUNED!
If you like remember to +1.

Saturday, March 30, 2013

Study Guide Ch14

Chapter 14- Modern Cosmology

Study Guide
Answer is slashed threw its not the right one if in red it might be the answer.

The cosmological principle states that the universe is
I. expanding.
II. accelerating.
III. homogeneous.
IV. isotropic.
I and II
III and IV
I and III
II and IV
I, II, III and IV

Question 2
The assumption of homogeneity states that
the universe looks the same at all epochs.
the universe looks the same from all locations over sufficiently great distances.
the universe looks the same in all directions over sufficiently great distances.
all of the above
none of the above

Question 3
During the first moments of the big bang when elements could be created, nuclear fusion reactions made few heavy elements because
no stable nuclei exist with masses of 5 or 8 hydrogen masses.

Question 4
What observation has prompted astronomers to ponder the possible existence of dark energy?
Supernovae appear fainter than expected at large redshifts.

Question 5
The density of the universe is
equal to the critical density if the universe is flat.
Question 6
When a proton and an antiproton collide
they destroy each other and produce energy in the form of gamma rays.
Question 7
Why is the cosmic microwave background (CMB) so cold if the early universe was so hot?
The expansion of the universe has redshifted those photons to an effectively cooler temperature.
Question 8
Whether the universe is open, closed, or flat depends on the ____ of the universe.
density
Question 9
The cosmic background radiation comes from a time after the origin of the universe
when protons and neutrons were first formed.
when the big bang first began to expand.
during the inflationary period.
when gamma rays had enough energy to destroy nuclei.
when electrons began to recombine with nuclei to form atoms.

Question 10
The age of the universe can be estimated or constrained from
all of the above

Question 11
Which view of the universe states that the universe is eternal and unchanging?
static

Question 12
The Hubble time is
an estimate of the age of the universe based on the Hubble constant.

Question 13
What is the fate of an open universe?
Expansion forever
Question 14
In the late 1990s, it was discovered from distances of ______ in distant galaxies that the expansion of the universe is ___________.
supernovae; accelerating
Question 15
If the universe is closed and finite, then
the universe will expand forever.
the universe has a center.
the universe has an edge.
none of the above

Question 16
Where did the cosmic microwave background (CMB) come from?
Photons released when electrons and nuclei combined for the first time

Question 17
Space-time will be flat if
the universe is expanding.
the universe is accelerating.
the average density of the universe is equal to the critical density.
the universe is finite.
the universe is homogeneous and isotropic.

Question 18
The assumption of isotropy states that
the universe looks the same in all directions over sufficiently great distances.

Question 19
Current evidence suggests that the universe is
flat, infinite, and accelerating in its expansion.

Question 20
The best determination of the Hubble constant using Cepheid variables found in distant galaxies by the Hubble telescope suggests
that the Hubble constant is about 0.07  km/sec/Mpc.
that the Hubble constant is about 7 km/sec/Mpc.
that the Hubble constant is about 70  km/sec/Mpc.
that the Hubble constant is about 700 km/sec/Mpc.



Study Guide- Ch13

Chapter 13- Galaxies: Normal & Active
Study Guide
Answer is slashed threw its not the right one if in red it might be the answer.


Question 1
A ____ generally contains well over 1000 galaxies and is quite dense. They often contain many giant elliptical galaxies.
local group
poor cluster
rich cluster
tidal tail
quasar

Question 2
Centaurus A is a radio galaxy that has a visible galaxy at the center. This central elliptical galaxy of Centaurus A is encircled by a ring of gas and dust, different from most elliptical galaxies. The dust ring orbits about an axis that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the elliptical galaxy. What does this suggest about this central elliptical galaxy of Centaurus A?
Centaurus A is probably the result of a merger of an elliptical galaxy and a spiral galaxy.

Question 3
matter flowing into a supermassive black hole.

Question 4
We should expect galaxies to collide fairly often because
a and c {they are large with respect to their separation distances./galaxies occur in clusters.}

Question 5
The letters AGN stand for _____.
an active galaxy nucleus


Question 6
What is the Hubble constant essentially a measure of?
The expansion of the universe

Question 7
Most of the mass of a galaxy is contained in the
dark matter of the galaxy.

Question 8
Why do astronomers believe supermassive black holes are the source of an AGN's energy?
Such black holes have been found at the center of most galaxies both active and inactive.
Radio jets are seen from low mass black holes plus accretion disks inside our galaxy.
Jets and accretion disks have been observed in active galaxies.
Black holes can produce so much energy in such a small place.
all of the above

Question 9
_____ galaxies contain a supermassive black hole at their centers while active nuclei are present in _____of galaxies
Most; a few percent
Most; the majority
A small minority; a few percent
A small minority.; the majority

Question 10
The cluster method (motions of galaxies in a cluster of galaxies) can be used to determine the cluster’s mass
mass.

Question 11 
Based on the galaxies found in the Local Group of galaxies, the most common type of galaxy in the universe is expected to be
the dwarf elliptical galaxies.

Question 12
Soon after discovery, it was observed that quasars had a starlike appearance which was blurred by Earth’s atmospheric “seeing.” Despite the blurring,  it was realized that the intense energy emitting regions of quasars must be small because they
have high radial velocities.
are very luminous.
are surrounded by quasar fuzz.
radiate huge amounts of energy.
fluctuate rapidly on time scales as short as a few hours.

Question 13
We suspect that quasars are the active centers of galaxies because
“fuzz” around the central luminous regions produces spectra like a collection of normal stars.
a few quasars have large red shifts.
the central regions of some quasars fluctuate rapidly.
all of the above
none of the above

Question 14
Poor clusters
contain fewer than 1000 galaxies and tend to be irregularly shaped.


Question 15
Which of the following is the largest object?
The Local Group

Question 16
Gravitational lensing
occurs when light passes near a massive object and is deflected by the object's gravitational field.

Question 17
What type of galaxies do astronomers believe to be the most common?
Elliptical

Question 18
The look-back time is
a and b{the time it takes for the light from an object to reach Earth/numerically equal to the distance in light-years.}

Question 19
Galaxies may contain a supermassive black hole at their center but  _____ an active nucleus because of _______ into the black hole.
show; mass inflow

Question 20
The mass of a single galaxy might be found by
the rotation curve method.

An irregular galaxy contains mostly
upper and lower main sequence stars and gas and dust.

The rotation curve of a galaxy can be used to determine
the mass of the galaxy.

Mathematical models indicate that ____ galaxies are produced by high speed collisions in which a smaller galaxy passes through another galaxy almost perpendicular to the disk of the galaxy.
ring

The Milky Way is part of
I. a poor cluster.
II. a rich cluster.
III. the Virgo Cluster.
IV. the Local Group.
I and IV

The energy from an AGN is produced by
matter flowing into a supermassive black hole.

The Milky Way galaxy is part of
the Local Group.


Galactic cannibalism refers to
the merging of galaxies.

The total mass of galaxies in a cluster of galaxies dvided by the number of galaxies in the cluster can be used to determine a typical galaxy’s
luminosity.
distance.
mass.
diameter.
age.
the mass of the galaxy.

__ have elongated nuclei with spiral structure extending from the ends of the elongations. The Milky Way is a member of this class of galaxy.
Barred spiral galaxies

All ____ galaxies are spiral galaxies that have small luminous nuclei.
Seyfert

The Hubble Law is a relation between a galaxy's
distance and its recession velocity.

_ is an irregular galaxy that is passing close to the Milky Way and is expected to merge with the Milky Way in the future.
The Small Magellanic Cloud


An elliptical (E) galaxy contains
mostly lower-main sequence stars and giants.

An irregular galaxy contains mostly
upper and lower main sequence stars and gas and dust.

___ galaxies contain large clouds of gas and dust, both young and old stars, but have no obvious spiral arms or nucleus.
Irregular


Astronomers now speculate that a galaxy's shape depends on all of the following except
All of these may be important in determining a galaxy’s shape.

___ can be used to determine the galaxy's mass if the galaxy is reasonably close, so that the Doppler shift of the galaxy disk material can be measured at several distances from the galaxy's center relative to the center.
A galaxy's rotation curve

Supermassive black holes are believed to be located at the center of many galaxies because
the orbital motion of material near the center is very fast and indicates a very massive core.


Monday, March 11, 2013

Study Guide Ch12


Chapter 12- The Milky way
Study Guide
Answer is slashed threw its not the right one if in red it might be the answer.

Question 1
Radio maps of the spiral arms of our galaxy
map the location of dense neutral hydrogen clouds.

Question 2
Our galaxy is suspected to be surrounded by a galactic halo or corona because the disk of the galaxy
rotates faster than expected in its outer region.

Question 3
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the stars of the disk component of our galaxy?
randomly inclined orbits

Question 4
The central areas of our Milky Way Galaxy contain
a nuclear bulge of stars.

Question 5
Which of the following can't be associated with the spiral arms of a galaxy?
metal poor stars

Question 6
Who first used RR Lyrae variable stars to determine distances in the Milky Way?
Harlow Shapley

Question 7
Refer to Figure 12-1. A Type II Cepheid has been located in a distant globular cluster with a period of 10 days. What is the star's absolute magnitude?
-1

Question 8
The chemical abundance of population I stars
indicates that the material they formed from had been enriched with material from supernovae.

Question 9
Population II stars
I. are primarily found in the disk of the galaxy.
II. contain more heavy metals than population I stars.
III. are primarily old low mass stars.
IV. are located in globular clusters.
III & IV

Question 10
The traditional “top-down” theory of the formation of our galaxy cannot explain why
all of the above

Question 11
The age of the Milky Way galaxy has been estimated to be at least 13 billion years based on
observations of globular clusters.

Question 12
Pulsating variable stars are useful in determining
the mass of a star for which the distance is known.
the temperature of a star for which we know the luminosity.
the radius of the bulge of our galaxy.
the distance to globular clusters.
the mass of the Milky Way galaxy.

Question 13
The nuclear bulge of our galaxy
contains stars primarily associated with the spherical component of our galaxy.

Question 14
The energy source at the center of our galaxy
all of the above

Question 15
____ of the Milky Way contains mostly old (population II) stars and globular clusters.
The spherical halo component

Question 16
How did Harlow Shapley determine where the center of the galaxy lies?
He plotted the distribution of globular clusters.

Question 17
How is the age of the galaxy determined?
Finding the turnoff point in the H-R diagram of globular clusters.

Question 18
Sgr A* is believed to be the center of the Milky Way galaxy because
I. It lies in the general direction of the center of the galaxy based on observations of globular clusters in the plane of the Milky Way.
II. Long wavelength dust penetrating images show it to be a region crowded with stars.
III. Orbits of stars around it indicate a mass several million times that of the Sun within a volume a few light hours in size.
IV. Radio observations show it is a concentrated source at the center of swirling clouds of gas.
All of I, II, III & IV

Question 19
An approximately spherical cluster of over 100,000 stars that formed at the same time long ago in our galaxy is
a globular cluster.

Question 20
Younger stars have more heavy elements because
the heavy elements were made in previous generations of stars.


Question 4
Good tracers of the spiral arms of our galaxy are all
I. very old.
II. very young.
III. very luminous.
IV. moving with large radial velocities.
II & III

Question 5
The galactic halo or corona is believed to contain mostly
O and B stars.
G, K, and M stars.
open clusters.
globular clusters.
dark matter.

Question 9
The central areas of our Milky Way Galaxy contain
a nuclear bulge of stars.
a bar of stars.
a radio wave emitting “whirlpool” of gas.
a several million solar mass black hole.
all of the above

Question 10
The orbits of population I stars
I. are confined to disk of the galaxy.
II. are very elliptical.
III. are nearly circular.
IV. are randomly inclined to the disk of the galaxy.
I & III

Question 14
Who first determined that the energy/sec emitted by the luminosity of Cepheid variable stars is larger when the variation of their period is longer?
Henrietta Leavitt
Edwin Hubble
John Glenn
Carl Sagan
Harlow Shapley

Question 15
If the spiral density wave were the only thing producing spiral arms, it would be expected that
all galaxies would have only two smooth spiral arms.

Question 16
Which of the following can't be associated with the spiral arms of a galaxy?
metal poor stars

Question 17
The traditional “top-down” theory states that the galaxy formed
as a large spherical cloud of gas that was rotating very slowly.

Monday, March 4, 2013

Study Guide Ch11


Chapter 11 Neutron Stars and Black Holes

Answer is slashed threw its not the right one if in red it might be the answer.
Question 1
Observations from the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory showed that gamma-ray bursters were located throughout the sky. This told us that
all of the above

Question 2
None of the pulsars emit pulses of visible light because
pulsars are to hot to emit visible light.
pulsars contain black holes that won't let visible light escape.
the gravitational field of a pulsar is so great that the visible light emitted is red shifted.
pulsars are too far away for the visible light to be bright enough to be detected at Earth.
A few pulsars do emit visible light pulses.

Question 3
The ____ of a black hole is the radius from a black hole at which the escape velocity is approximately equal to the speed of light.
event horizon

Question 4
 Which of the following can you never know about a black hole?
the elements of the material that has fallen in

Question 5
The density of a ____ is greater than the density of a ____.
pulsar, white dwarf

Question 6
Although neutron stars are very hot, they are faint and not easy to see at visual wavelengths because
both c and d {they have only a small surface area from which to emit./the peak of their thermal emission is at much shorter wavelengths than visual.}

Question 7
Fraud in science is rare because it is difficult to commit. Why is it difficult to commit fraud in science?
a and c {Science requires that experimental and theoretical findings be reproducible./
Scientific results are reviewed by other scientists before they are published.}

Question 8
Pulsars cannot be spinning white dwarfs because
a white dwarf spinning that fast would fly apart.

Question 9
A neutron star is expected to spin rapidly because
they conserved angular momentum when they collapsed.

Question 10
The slowing of clocks in strongly curved space time is known as
gravitational radiation.
time dilation.
gravitational curvature.
gravitational red shift.
hyperspace drag.

Question 11
Similar to the sun, pulsars’ rotations are believed to slow down because
they are losing angular momentum into space via outward streaming particles.

Question 12
As material flows into a black hole
the material will experience time dilation.
the material will become hotter.
the material will produce an absorption spectrum.
the material will appear to us to fall into the black hole very rapidly.
a and b

Question 13
The material that accretes onto a neutron star or black hole is expected to emit X-rays because
the material will become hot enough that it will radiate most strongly at X-ray wavelengths.

Question 14
The escape velocity of an object depends on
I. the mass of that object.
II. the mass of the object trying to escape.
III. the distance from the center of the object and the escaping object.
IV. the speed of light.
I & III

Question 15
The singularity of a black hole
is located within the event horizon.

Question 16
The size of a neutron star is
smaller than any of these.

Question 17
Millisecond pulsars that are very old are
believed to be the result of mass transfer from a companion that increases the spin of the pulsar.

Question 18
A pulsar requires that a neutron star
I. rotate rapidly.
II. have a radius of at least 10 km.
III. have a strong magnetic field.
IV. rotate on an axis that is different from the axis of the magnetic field.
I, III & IV

Question 19
____ occurs when light travels out of a gravitational field, loses energy, and its wavelength grows longer.
A gravitational redshift

Question 20
____ are neutron stars that have magnetic fields 100 times stronger than the average neutron star.
Magnetars

A neutron star is expected to spin rapidly because
they conserved angular momentum when they collapsed.

The density of a neutron star is
about the same as an atomic nucleus.

An isolated black hole in empty intergalactic space would be difficult to detect because
there would be no stars behind it whose light it could bend or lens gravitationally.
it could not emit light from inside its event horizon.
no companion stars would be affected by its gravitational field.
no  matter would be falling into it to create an x-ray emitting accretion disk.
all of the above

Hypernovae are
supernovae that occur when two red dwarfs collide.
supernovae that occur when 10 solar mass stars explode.
supernovae that occur when stars more massive than 25 solar masses explode.
one theory to explain the production of gamma ray bursters.
both c and d above

The mass of a neutron star is
several time that of the sun.

Why don't all supernova remnants contain pulsars?
All supernova remnants do contain pulsars.
Some supernova explosions form white dwarfs instead of the neutron stars necessary for pulsars.
Pulsars slow down and quit producing the pulses before the supernova remnant dissipates.
The pulsar may be tipped so that the beams do not sweep past Earth.
b and c

The event horizon
has a radius equal to the Schwarzschild radius.

A ____ has a radius of about 10 km and is supported by the pressure associated with degenerate neutrons.
neutron star

The escape velocity at the event horizon around a black hole is
equal to the speed of light.


Why does the rotation of our galaxy suggest that it is more massive than previously thought?
Ans: The mass of the galaxy can be found from its rotation curve. Kepler’sthirdlawreveals that
the galaxy contains over 1 trillion solar masses. However, the visible light from stellar radiation
only gives us 200 billion solar masses. To account for the difference, astronomers make a
hypothesis of dark matter that does not interact with the electromagnetic force, but whose
presence can be inferred from gravitational effect on visible matter.

Sunday, March 3, 2013

Study Guide Ch10

Chapter 10- The Death of Stars

Study Guide
Answer is slashed threw its not the right one if in red it might be the answer.
Question 1
As a main sequence star exhausts hydrogen in its core, its surface becomes ___ and its energy output per second (luminosity) becomes ____.
cooler; larger

Question 2
A mass is transferred in a normal star in a binary system toward a white dwarf, the material forms a rapidly growing whirlpool of material known as a(n)
accretion disk.

Question 3
In star clusters, the ____ stars are giant stars fusing helium in their cores and then in their shells.
turnoff point
main sequence
turnon point
hydrogen flash
horizontal branch

Question 4
When material expanding away from a star in a binary system reaches the Roche surface
the material is no longer gravitationally bound to the star.

Question 5
In the orbital plane of a binary star system, matter can be transferred from one star to the other at the ________ located directly between the two stars is the point where the Roche lobes meet.
Lagrangian points

Question 6
In degenerate matter
pressure does not depend on temperature.

Question 7
A white dwarf is composed of
hydrogen nuclei and degenerate electrons.

Question 8
Star clusters are important to our study of stars because
they give us a method to test the our theories and models of stellar evolution.

Question 9
After what evolutionary stage does a star become a white dwarf?
Giant

Question 10
What nuclear fusion mechanism does an isolated white dwarf use to generate energy?
White dwarfs don't generate their own energy.

Question 11
The triple alpha process
occurs during helium flash.

Question 12
Giant and supergiant stars are rare because
the giant or supergiant stage is very short.

Question 13
A(n) ____ is a collection of 100 to 1000 stars in a region about 25 pc in diameter. The stars in the collection are typically quite young.
open cluster

Question 14
A(n) ____ is a collection of 105 to 106 stars in a region 10 to 30 pc in diameter. The stars in the collection tend to be more than 109 years old and mostly yellow and red stars.
globular cluster

Question 15
The Crab nebula is
supernova remnant.

Question 16
A planetary nebula
produces an absorption spectrum.

Question 17
What is the approximate age of the star cluster in the H-R diagram below? Hint: Main sequence stars of spectral types between A and B core’s supply of hydrogen is sufficient to last about 250 million years.  Between A and F about 2 billion years.  Type G about 10 billion years.  Between K and M about 30 billion years.
10 billion years

Question 18
 A Type I supernova is believed to occur when
a white dwarf exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit.

Question 19
If the theory that novae occur in close binary systems is correct, then novae should
repeat after some interval.

Question 20
The Algol paradox is explained by considering
mass transfer between the two stars in a binary system.